Kamis, 06 September 2012

Ninjutsu (忍術?) sometimes used interchangeably with the term ninpō (忍法?) is the martial art, strategy, and tactics of unconventional warfare and guerrilla warfare as well as the art of espionage purportedly practiced by the shinobi (commonly known outside of Japan as ninja).[1]
While there are several styles of "modern ninjutsu," the historical lineage of these styles is disputed. Some schools and masters claim to be "the only true and legitimate heirs" of the art, but ninjutsu is not totally centralized like modernized martial arts such as judo, karate or taekwondo. Togakure-ryū is said to be the oldest recorded form of ninjutsu dating to the 1500s.[2]

Contents

Etymology

The main character nin (忍?) is a phono-semantic compound composed of two greater characters. The upper character ha or jin (刃?) is the phonetic indicator; its meaning of "edge of the sword" is therefore irrelevant here. The lower character kokoro or shin (心?) means "heart" or "soul". The compound means "stealth", "secrecy", "endurance", "perseverance", and "patience".[3] Jutsu (術?) means "art" or "technique". Hō (法?) meaning "knowledge", "principle", "law" or "system" when found with the prefix "nin" carries the meaning of ninja arts, higher order of ninjutsu.

History

Main article: Ninja
Spying in Japan dates as far back as Prince Shōtoku (572–622), although the origins of spying and assassination date much earlier.[4] Ninjutsu was developed by groups of people mainly from the Iga Province and Kōka, Shiga of Japan.[citation needed] Throughout history the shinobi have been seen as assassins, scouts and spies. They are mainly noted for their use of stealth and deception. Throughout history many different schools (ryū) have taught their unique versions of ninjutsu. An example of these is the Togakure-ryū. This ryū was developed after a defeated samurai warrior called Daisuke Togakure escaped to the region of Iga. Later he came in contact with the warrior-monk Kain Doshi who taught him a new way of viewing life and the means of survival (ninjutsu).[5]
Ninjutsu was developed as a collection of fundamental survivalist techniques in the warring state of feudal Japan. The ninja used their art to ensure their survival in a time of violent political turmoil. Ninjutsu included methods of gathering information, and techniques of non-detection, avoidance, and misdirection. Ninjutsu can also involve training in disguise, escape, concealment, archery, and medicine.[6]
Skills relating to espionage and assassination were highly useful to warring factions in feudal Japan. These persons were literally called "non-humans" (非人 hinin?).[7] At some point the skills of espionage became known collectively as ninjutsu, and the people who specialized in these tasks were called shinobi no mono.

The 18 skills

According to Bujinkan members Ninja Jūhakkei, the eighteen disciplines (jūhakkei < jūhachi-kei) were first stated in the scrolls of Togakure-ryū. Subsequently they became definitive for all ninjutsu schools by providing total training of the warrior in various fighting arts and agarter.
Ninja jūhakkei was often studied along with Bugei Jūhappan (the "18 samurai fighting art skills"). Though some are used in the same way by both samurai and ninja, other techniques were used differently by the two groups.
The 18 disciplines are:[8]
Ninjutsu as depicted in a 19th century sketch
  1. Seishinteki kyōyō (spiritual refinement)
  2. Taijutsu (unarmed combat)
  3. Kenjutsu (sword techniques)
  4. Bōjutsu (stick and staff techniques)
  5. Sōjutsu (spear techniques)
  6. Naginatajutsu (naginata techniques)
  7. Kusarigamajutsu (kusarigama techniques)
  8. Shurikenjutsu (throwing weapons techniques)
  9. Kayakujutsu (pyrotechnics)
  10. Hensōjutsu (disguise and impersonation)
  11. Shinobi-iri (stealth and entering methods)
  12. Bajutsu (horsemanship)
  13. Sui-ren (water training)
  14. Bōryaku (tactics)
  15. Chōhō (espionage)
  16. Intonjutsu (escaping and concealment)
  17. Tenmon (meteorology)
  18. Chi-mon (geography)
The name of the discipline of taijutsu (体術?), literally means "body skill" or "body art". Historically, the word taijutsu is often (in Japan) used interchangeably with jujutsu (as well as many other terms) to refer to a range of grappling skills. The term is also used in the martial art of aikido to distinguish the unarmed fighting techniques from other (e.g. stick fighting) techniques. In ninjutsu, especially since the emergence of the ninja movie genre in the 80s, it is also used to avoid the undesired bravado of explicitly referring to "ninja" combat techniques.

Weapons and equipment

Question book-new.svg This section does not cite any references or sources. (January 2011)
The following tools may not be exclusive to the ninja, but they are commonly associated with the practice of ninjutsu.
Composite and articulated weapons
  • Kusarigama - kama linked to a weight, either by a long rope or chain
  • Kyoketsu shoge - hooked rope-dart, featuring a metal ring on the opposite end
  • Kusari-fundo, also known as manriki or manriki-gusari - a chain and weight weapon.
Fistload weapons
  • Kakute - rings resembling modern wedding bands with concealed, often poison-tipped spines, typically worn by kunoichi and enabling ninja to quietly strangle enemies with the pointed ends against the neck or throat
  • Shobo - a jabbing or piercing weapon, similar in shape to kubotan and yawara, but often featuring a center grip ring
  • Shuriken - various small hand held weapons including "throwing stars" that could be used to stab, slash or they could be thrown
  • Tekko - an earlier version of brass knuckles
  • Tessen - a folding fan with an iron frame. it could be used to club, or cut and slash the enemy
  • Jutte - A weapon similar to the Sai
Modified tool weapons
  • Kunai - multi-purpose tool
  • Shikoro - used as a tool for opening doors and stabbing or slashing
Projectile weapons
Staffs and polearms
  • Hanbo, bō, jō, and tambo - various sized staff weapons
  • Yari - traditional Japanese spear that's similar to the naginata
  • Nagamaki - pole arm with roughly equal length blade and handle
  • Naginata - traditional Japanese pole-arm used by women and samurai (example: women might protect their home with a naginata)
Swords
  • Katana - a long curved and single-edged sword, more commonly used by samurai (or ninja disguised as samurai)
  • Wakizashi - short sword that can be hidden on the ninja's body, also a backup weapon
  • Ninjato - short-bladed straight sword, fictional ninja sword
  • Tachi - slung sword and a little bit longer than the Katana
  • Tantō - dagger
  • Kaiken (dagger)- Similar to the tantō
  • Hachiwara
  • Bokken - traditional wooden sword use in Japanese martial arts
  • Shinai - used in kendo

Stealth tools
Axes, Mallots and others

See also

References

 This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2012)
  1. ^ Hayes, Stephen. The Ninja and Their Secret Fighting Art. ISBN 0-8048-1656-5, Tuttle Publishing, 1990
  2. ^ Shinobi-kai.com
  3. ^ Hayes, Stephen. "The Mystic Arts of the Ninja." 1985: 2
  4. ^ Szczepanski, Kallie. "History of the Ninja", About.com, accessed June 2, 2011.
  5. ^ Hayes, Stephen. “The Ninja and Their Secret Fighting Art.” 1981: 18-21
  6. ^ Hatsumi, Masaaki. “Ninjutsu: History and Tradition.” June 1981
  7. ^ Draeger, Donn F. (1973, 2007). Classical Bujutsu: The Martial Arts and Ways of Japani. Boston, Massachusetts: Weatherhill. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-8348-0233-9.
  8. ^ Books.google.com

Further reading

  • Hatsumi, Masaaki. Essence of Ninjutsu, 1988. ISBN 0-8092-4724-0
  • Callos, Tom. "Notable American Martial Artists", Black Belt Magazine, May 2007, pp.72-73.
  • Hatsumi, Masaaki. Ninjutsu: History and Tradition, 1981. ISBN 0-86568-027-2
  • Hatsumi, Masaaki. Ninpo: Wisdom for Life, 1998. ISBN 1-58776-206-4, ISBN 0-9727738-0-0
  • Hayes, Stephen K. The Ninja and their Secret Fighting Art, 1990. ISBN 0-8048-1656-5
  • Dillon, Thomas. Wingspan: Culture-Society-People in Japan, Where Have All the Ninja Gone?, September 2007, No.459.
  • Hiroshi, Kuroi. Historical group image editorial staff compilation, 2007. ISBN 978-4-05-604814-8
  • Toshitora, Yamashiro. Secret Guide to Making Ninja Weapons, Butokukai Press, 1986. ISBN 978-99942-913-1-1
  • DiMarzio, Daniel. A Story of Life, Fate, and Finding the Lost Art of Koka Ninjutsu in Japan, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4357-1208-9)
  • Bertrand, John. "Techniques that made ninjas feared in 15th-century Japan still set the standard for covert ops", Military History 23(1), March 2006, pp.12–19. Retrieved on July 11, 2008 from Academic Search Premier database.
  • Hayes, Stephen K. and Masaaki Hatsumi. Secrets from the Ninja Grandmaster (Rev. Ed.), 2003. Boulder, Colorado; Paladin Press.
  • Zoughari, Kacem. The Ninja: Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan, Tuttle Publishing, 2010. ISBN 0-8048-3927-1

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ninjutsu
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